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"Present day" (1990s) sea surface pH Present day alkalinity "Present day" (1990s) sea surface anthropogenic CO 2 Vertical inventory of "present day" (1990s) anthropogenic CO 2 Change in surface CO 2− 3 ion from the 1700s to the 1990s Present day DIC Pre-Industrial DIC A NOAA (AOML) in situ CO 2 concentration sensor (SAMI-CO2), attached to a Coral Reef Early Warning System station, utilized in conducting ocean acidification studies near coral reef areas A NOAA (PMEL) moored autonomous CO 2 buoy used for measuring CO 2 concentration and ocean acidification studies

Clarke, L.; Edmonds, J.; Jacoby, H.; Pitcher, H.; Reilly, J.; Richels, R. (July 2007). "Scenarios of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Atmospheric Concentrations. Sub-report 2.1A" (PDF) . In U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research (ed.). Synthesis and Assessment Product 2.1 . Washington, DC., USA: Department of Energy, Office of Biological & Environmental Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2013. Good, P.; Gosling, S. N.; Bernie, D.; Caesar1, J.; Warren, R.; Arnell, N. W.; Lowe, J. A. (2010). An updated review of developments in climate science research since IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (PDF) (Report). London, UK: AVOID Consortium. Report website. UK Royal Society (September 2009). Geoengineering the climate: science, governance and uncertainty (PDF) . London: UK Royal Society. ISBN  978-0-85403-773-5 , RS Policy document 10/09. Report website. UNEP (November 2010). The Emissions Gap Report: Are the Copenh...

Three of the big five mass extinction events in the geologic past were associated with a rapid increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide, probably due to volcanism and/or thermal dissociation of marine gas hydrates. Early research focused on the climatic effects of the elevated CO 2 levels on biodiversity, but in 2004, decreased CaCO 3 saturation due to seawater uptake of volcanogenic CO 2 was suggested as a possible kill mechanism during the marine mass extinction at the end of the Triassic. The end-Triassic biotic crisis is still the most well-established example of a marine mass extinction due to ocean acidification, because (a) volcanic activity, changes in carbon isotopes, decrease of carbonate sedimentation, and marine extinction coincided precisely in the stratigraphic record, and (b) there was pronounced selectivity of the extinction against organisms with thick aragonitic skeletons, which is predicted from experimental studies. Ocean acidification has also been suggested as a ...

"Present day" (1990s) sea surface pH Present day alkalinity "Present day" (1990s) sea surface anthropogenic CO 2 Vertical inventory of "present day" (1990s) anthropogenic CO 2 Change in surface CO 2− 3 ion from the 1700s to the 1990s Present day DIC Pre-Industrial DIC A NOAA (AOML) in situ CO 2 concentration sensor (SAMI-CO2), attached to a Coral Reef Early Warning System station, utilized in conducting ocean acidification studies near coral reef areas A NOAA (PMEL) moored autonomous CO 2 buoy used for measuring CO 2 concentration and ocean acidification studies

Clarke, L.; Edmonds, J.; Jacoby, H.; Pitcher, H.; Reilly, J.; Richels, R. (July 2007). "Scenarios of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Atmospheric Concentrations. Sub-report 2.1A" (PDF) . In U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research (ed.). Synthesis and Assessment Product 2.1 . Washington, DC., USA: Department of Energy, Office of Biological & Environmental Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2013. Good, P.; Gosling, S. N.; Bernie, D.; Caesar1, J.; Warren, R.; Arnell, N. W.; Lowe, J. A. (2010). An updated review of developments in climate science research since IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (PDF) (Report). London, UK: AVOID Consortium. Report website. UK Royal Society (September 2009). Geoengineering the climate: science, governance and uncertainty (PDF) . London: UK Royal Society. ISBN  978-0-85403-773-5 , RS Policy document 10/09. CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) Report website. UNEP (November 2010). The Emissions...